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FATTY LIVER (HEPATIC STEATOSIS) INTRODUCTION Fatty liver is also known as hepatic steatosis. It happens when fat builds up in the liver. Having small amounts of fat in your liver is normal, but too much can become a health problem. Your liver is the second largest organ in your body. It helps process nutrients from food and drinks and filters harmful substances from your blood. Too much fat in your liver can cause liver inflammation, which can damage your liver and create scarring. In severe cases, this scarring can lead to liver failure. When fatty liver develops in someone who drinks a lot of alcohol, it’s known as alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD). In someone who doesn’t drink a lot of alcohol, it’s known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). According to researchers in the World Journal of Gastroenterology, NAFLD affects up to 25 to 30 percent of people in the United States and Europe. Symptoms of fatty liver In many cases, fatty liver causes no noticeable symptoms. But ...

 YEAST INFECTION INTRODUCTION What Are Vaginal Yeast Infections? They’re itchy and uncomfortable, and no one really likes to talk about them. But vaginal yeast infections are very common in women. It’s estimated that 75% of women will have at least one yeast infection in their lifetime. You need to know that yeast infections can happen to anyone at any time, there are certain things that make getting them more likely. Most infections can be cleared up quickly and easily.The vagina normally contains a healthy balance of bacteria and yeast.  The hormone estrogen helps bacteria called lactobacilli to grow. These bacteria kill harmful organisms in the vagina and keep you healthy. But when something happens to tip that balance, a fungus called candida can grow out of control and cause a yeast infection. Causes of Vaginal Yeast infections There are many reasons you could get a yeast infection, including: Hormones: Changes during pregnancy, breast-feeding or menopause (or if you’re t...

 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Introduction Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a rare tumor that forms at the base of a baby’s tailbone or other parts of the body. SCT develops from the same type of cells that form the reproductive tissues. When these cells develop abnormally, a tumor can result.  This birth defect is more common in girls than in males. Although the tumors can grow very large, they are usually not malignant (cancerous). They can usually be cured with surgery after birth, but occasionally cause trouble before birth. How Is SCT Diagnosed During Pregnancy? A  can be detected through a routine ultrasound in the second trimester. It will appear as a mass near the bottom of the back. A screening blood test may detect abnormally high levels of maternal alpha-fetoprotein, which can also alert your physician that a SCT may be present. After the initial ultrasound or blood test,  doctors or medical officers in teaching hospitals will perform an in-depth evaluation to...

 Breast lump Introduction  Brest Lump is a growth of tissue that develops within the breast. Breast lumps can have causes that aren't due to underlying disease. Examples include scars, fibroadenomas (benign fibrous growths), lipomas (benign fatty growths), cysts or overgrowth of ducts. The lumps are milk ducts and tissues around them that have grown and widened to form cysts. These enlarge quickly in response to hormones released near your period. The lumps may be hard or rubbery and could feel like a single (large or small) lump. Fibrocystic changes can also cause breast tissue to thicken. These changes are often most noticeable during your 40s. They’re the most common cause of benign breast lumps in women ages 35 to 50. Postmenopausal women are less likely to have these types of breast changes. That’s because they don’t have monthly changes in hormones. Simple cysts : Simple cysts are fluid-filled sacs that usually affect both breasts. You could have one or many. They can v...

TYPHOID FEVER INTRODUCTION Typhoid fever is caused by certain types of the gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhii. It typically causes a high fever and abdominal pain. Typhoid fever can be spread by consuming food or water contaminated with the stool or urine of an infected person. People have flu-like symptoms, sometimes followed by delirium, cough, exhaustion, occasionally rash, and diarrhea. Samples of blood, stool, other body fluids, or tissues are sent to a laboratory to grow (culture) the bacteria. To prevent infection, people traveling to areas where typhoid fever is common should be vaccinated and, when there, should avoid certain foods and not drink unbottled water. Infected people with or without symptoms are treated with antibiotics. Typhoid fever is one type of infection caused by Salmonella bacteria. There are many types of Salmonella, but most typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella Typhi. Typhoid fever is common in developing countries (especially in southern Asia) where...