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  INTRODUCTION The mammary gland (breast) is a conical shape modified sweat gland present in the superficial fascia of the pectoral region. The mammary gland is found in both sexes. However, it remains rudimentary in male but becomes well developed in female at puberty.   LOCATION The breast is located in the superficial fascia of the pectoral region. A small extension from its superolateral part (axillary tail of Spence) however pierces the deep fascia and extends into the axilla. The aperture in the deep fascia through which axillary tail passes into the axilla is called foramen of Langer. The axillary tail is the site of high percentage of breast tumor. SHAPE It is hemispherical in shape LOCATION AND EXTENT Vertically, it extends from 2nd rib to 6th rib. Horizontally it extends from lateral border of the sternum to the mid-axillary area. DEEP RELATIONS The deep surface of the breast is related to the following structures in that order 1. The breast lies on t...

INTRODUCTION The appendix is a narrow blind-ended tube that is attached to the posteromedial end of the cecum (large intestine). It contains a large amount of lymphoid tissue but is not thought to have any vital functions in the human body. STRUCTURE AND RELATIONS The appendix originates from the posteromedial aspect of the cecum. It is supported by the mesoappendix, a fold of mesentery which suspends the appendix from the terminal ileum. The position of the free-end of the appendix is highly variable and can be categorised into seven main locations depending on its relationship to the ileum, caecum or pelvis. The most common position is retrocecal. They may also be remembered by their relationship to a clock face: Pre-ileal – anterior to the terminal ileum – 1 or 2 o’clock. Post-ileal – posterior to the terminal ileum – 1 or 2 o’clock. Sub-ileal – parallel with the terminal ileum – 3 o’clock. Pelvic – descending over the pelvic brim – 5 o’clock. Subcecal – below the cecum – 6 o’clo...